Discount Designer Watches

2013-09-27

Power 10W charger chip from Dialog/iWatt

2013/09/27

Dialog Semiconductor has introduced a 10W ac-dc power controller that can use an npn bipolar transistor (BJT) – a transitor option first pioneered by CamSemi – instead of needing a mosfet.

“The use of BJTs is prevalent in 5W and lower power supplies,” said Dialog v-p Ron Edgerton. “We are bringing this to higher power applications.”

Called iW1679 (Dialog bought iWatt recently) the chip is a pulse width modulation and pulse frequency modulation (PWM/PFM) controller intended for 5V/2A smartphone adapters and chargers.

Claimed average active efficiency is 83% and no-load stand-by is <30mW.

“This enables designers to meet or exceed emerging global energy standards, including the European CoC version 5, which is anticipated to require 76% active average efficiency and high light load efficiency down to 10% loads, as well as the proposed US DoE regulation, expected to require 79% active average efficiency, and the Energy Star EPS 2.0, which will require 73% active average efficiency,” said the firm.

Base drive requirements for a BTT are more complex than needed at the gate of a mosfet.

Dialog has has proprietary base-drive techniques – which involve switching in and out parallel current sources – to modulate drive.

“This optimises performance and improves efficiency by keeping the BJT out of saturation,” said the firm, adding: “Since BJTs have softer switching compared to FETs, they generate less noise and, therefore, have inherently lower EMI.”

Valley-mode switching is another technique used to cut EMI. “It also includes a proprietary switching mode that results in no audible noise from the controller,” said Dialog.

Four-level cable drop compensation is included, as is protection from output short-circuit, output over-voltage, output over-current, and over-temperature.

The package is an 8-lead SOIC.

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Test and Measurement Agilent creates a new and more aggressive test business

2013/09/26

Agilent Technologies test and measurement business is separating from the larger life sciences and chemical analysis system business.

This will create a ‘new’ test system supplier with an established portfolio of test and measurement products, but with a new brand name.

image002_low But what will be different about this new test brand to convince the market that separation from the other half of Agilent Technologies is a positive step?

“The two businesses, the electronic measurement group and the life sciences group, were pulling in different directions from a shareholder point of view,” said Jim Armentrout, European marketing manager for Agilent’s test and measure business.

“The overlap between the two businesses was very small, they operated in different industries and different markets,” said Armentrout.

“Both sets of products are about measurements, but both are measuring very different things,” said Armentrout.

The decision to split the group seems to have been determined in part by the strong growth of the life sciences arm over the last few years.

“The life sciences business has grown into a self-sustaining business,” said Armentrout.

The test and measurement business had sales of $2.9bn in this last financial year. The life sciences and chemical analysis systems business is more profitable and larger with sales of $3.9bn.

“It was apparent that both businesses could stand on their own as independent companies. They have the size and financial stability to do this,” said Armentrout.

“We will not be competing for investment within the group,” said Armentrout.

But it will be a smaller company. Is Armentrouit confident that the new company will have the same level of R&D behind it?

“It is true the R&D activity was shared between the two groups,” said Armentrout. “But effectively the research activity was split internally between the businesses. Now it will be split externally, so there will be no reduction in R&D.”

It is likely that the new Agilent test business, under its new name, will slowly change in character. Part of this could be changes to product strategies.

Armentrout ensures me that nothing will really change. “The new company will have the same product roadmap, the same staff and its own R&D laboratories,” said Armentrout.

“But what will be different is a new focus on electronic measurement as a pure-play test and measurement company,” said Armentrout.

This is the interesting part.

The new business will have to compete in the test market by its own financial and product strategies. There will be no corporate safety net.

My guess is this will make the ‘new Agilent’ more opportunistic in its product plans and more aggressive on price than the ‘old’ company was.

For example, the modular PC-based instrument business will become a new focus for the company.

It entered the market in a big way just three years ago when it launched over 100 instrument modules based on the industry standard PXI platform.

Positioning the modular product strategy has not been easy in a business which makes most of its money from traditional standalone rack and benchtop instruments.

But now there are signs that the new company has found a way to blend the PXI modular and benchtop products together. This is based on common hardware and software which are shared by both PXI and benchtop instruments.

“We will create reference design test systems using a combination of PXI and benchtop instruments running common test applications software,” said Phil Lorch, sales manager for the software and modular product business at Agilent.

The company is also prepared to incorporate PXI modules from other vendors in the system, if necessary.

“It is not about selling a single PXI module anymore, but meeting a specific test application,” said Lorch.

The new approach to the logic analyser product line also gives us a clue that the ‘new’ company will be more flexible and price-aggressive in its product plans.

Logic analysers are a product line which the ‘old’ Agilent was a little undecided about.

“We had a focus on high-end logic analysers, but we neglected mid-range products,” said Yoram Shimoni, market development manager for the Agilent scope and protocol division in EMEA.

Like with PXI, there are signs that this is changing. The company has introduced its first mid-range logic analyser.

The company has identified the sweet spot for logic analysis is FPGA-based designs and it has adjusted the specification of the 16850 analyser to appeal to this application.

It has doubled the sample memory size to 128M samples. It has also developed a software-based probing technology which can be embedded in the netlist of the FPGA.

The new company has also given the new logic analyser a mid-range price tag of around $12k.

For the ‘new’ Agilent the challenge is to shake off the shackles of ‘big company’ culture but protect its most ambitious product plans.

These are early days, but there are first indications this may already be starting to happen.

I imagine Agilent’s test rivals will be watching closely to see if the new company, whatever it is called, will be able to do this.

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Water glides freely across 'nanodrapes' made from the world's thinnest material

These "nanodrapes" are less than a nanometer thick, chemically inert, and provide a layer of protection without changing the properties of the underlying material. The team of researchers, led by Rensselaer Professor Nikhil Koratkar, demonstrated how droplets of water encounter significantly less friction when moving across a surface covered with a nanodrape.

This innovation holds the potential to benefit lab-on-chip devices, high-throughput assays, self-cleaning surfaces, and many other applications requiring the motion of liquid drops on solid surfaces.

"Graphene nanodrapes are the thinnest, most sheer drapes we can imagine. Other than providing a barrier against water, these drapes are optically transparent and cause minimal changes to the topology of the underlying surface," said Koratkar, the John A. Clark and Edward T. Crossan Professor of Engineering at Rensselaer. "We found this ultrasheer drape prevents the penetration of water into textured surfaces, which has interesting and potentially important technological implications for many applications in micro- and nanofluidics."

Drops of water can get easily stuck or "pinned" to a material with a nanotextured rough surface. When the droplet falls onto the material, the energy from the fall pushes out or displaces the tiny amounts of air trapped in the textured surface. Once in this pinned state, it is difficult to unpin the droplet and move it around the surface.

Covering the surface with an impermeable graphene drape, however, prevents a droplet from getting pinned to the surface. The nanodrape creates a barrier that prevents the water drop from penetrating into and displacing the air from the textured surface. Instead, the droplet sits on top of the drape, with reduced friction between them, which in turn makes it easier to move the droplet around on the surface, Koratkar said. While helping to minimize this friction, the ultrasheer nanodrape causes minimal disruption to the underlying surface.

The square nanodrapes measure several inches in length, and once applied to a surface are only detectable with a powerful microscope. Koratkar and the research team dropped small amounts of water on a surface of copper nanorods, and the same surface covered with a nanodrape. Water dropped on the bare surface spread out to form large flat drops indicative of a hydrophilic surface, while water dropped on nanodraped surfaces formed a much rounder or spherical drop indicative of a water-repellant or hydrophobic surface. The researchers also used high-speed cameras to observe and measure the shape of the drops as they impacted the surface, spread out, contracted, and finally settled. Once settled, the wettability of the surface was characterized by measuring the angle at which the liquid drop contacted the solid surface.

Koratkar said the water-resistant properties are apparent after the application of a single nanodrape, but the properties are enhanced with the addition of a few additional layers. Nanometer-size cracks and wrinkles likely form in the first layer as it is applied and settles onto the surface. The second and subsequent layers likely suffer from fewer defects, and help to cover up defects on the first layer.

Koratkar and his research team create the nanodrapes by growing graphene -- a single layer of carbon atoms arranged like a nanoscale chicken-wire fence -- on top of a copper substrate. They then coat the graphene with a polymer film, and use weak acids to remove or etch away the copper, which leaves the polymer layer with the graphene film underneath floating on the top of the liquid acids. The polymer layer with graphene sheet is then transferred to a surface, and the polymer layer is gently washed away using acetone. What remains is a single-carbon-atom thick, ultra-sheer, impermeable graphene drape.

This study is the latest from Koratkar, whose research is positioned at the intersections of nanotechnology, energy, and sustainability. His work has focused on the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanoscale material systems, including graphene. His research group uses different techniques to investigate ways of incorporating these materials into various composites, coatings, and device applications.

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Hidden genetic code for better designer genes

Sep. 26, 2013 — Scientists routinely seek to reprogram bacteria to produce proteins for drugs, biofuels and more, but they have struggled to get those bugs to follow orders. But a hidden feature of the genetic code, it turns out, could get bugs with the program. The feature controls how much of the desired protein bacteria produce, a team from the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University reported in the September 26 online issue of Science.

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The findings could be a boon for biotechnologists, and they could help synthetic biologists reprogram bacteria to make new drugs and biological devices.

By combining high-speed "next-generation" DNA sequencing and DNA synthesis technologies, Sri Kosuri, Ph.D., a Wyss Institute staff scientist, George Church, Ph.D., a core faculty member at the Wyss Institute and professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, and Daniel Goodman, a Wyss Institute graduate research fellow, found that using more rare words, or codons, near the start of a gene removes roadblocks to protein production.

"Now that we understand how rare codons control gene expression, we can better predict how to synthesize genes that make enzymes, drugs, or whatever you want to make in a cell," Kosuri said.

To produce a protein, a cell must first make working copies of the gene encoding it. These copies, called messenger RNA (mRNA), consist of a specific string of words, or codons. Each codon represents one of the 20 different amino acids that cells use to assemble proteins. But since the cell uses 61 codons to represent 20 amino acids, many codons have synonyms that represent the same amino acid.

In bacteria, as in books, some words are used more often than others, and molecular biologists have noticed over the last few years that rare codons appear more frequently near the start of a gene. What's more, genes whose opening sequences have more rare codons produce more protein than genes whose opening sequences do not.

No one knew for sure why rare codons had these effects, but many biologists suspected that they function as a highway on-ramp for ribosomes, the molecular machines that build proteins. According to this idea, called the codon ramp hypothesis, ribosomes wait on the on-ramp, then accelerate slowly along the mRNA highway, allowing the cell to make proteins with all deliberate speed. But without the on-ramp, the ribosomes gun it down the mRNA highway, then collide like bumper cars, causing traffic accidents that slow protein production. Other biologists suspected rare codons acted via different mechanisms. These include mRNA folding, which could create roadblocks for ribosomes that block the highway and slow protein production.

To see which ideas were correct, the three researchers used a high-speed, multiplexed method that they'd reported in August in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

First, they tested how well rare codons activated genes by mass-producing 14,000 snippets of DNA with either common or rare codons; splicing them near the start of a gene that makes cells glow green, and inserting each of those hybrid genes into different bacteria. Then they grew those bugs, sorted them into bins based on how intensely they glowed, and sequenced the snippets to look for rare codons.

They found that genes that opened with rare codons consistently made more protein, and a single codon change could spur cells to make 60 times more protein.

"That's a big deal for the cell, especially if you want to pump out a lot of the protein you're making," Goodman said.

The results were also consistent with the codon-ramp hypothesis, which predicts that rare codons themselves, rather than folded mRNA, slow protein production. But the researchers also found that the more mRNA folded, the less of the corresponding protein it produced -- a result that undermined the hypothesis.

To put the hypothesis to a definitive test, the Wyss team made and tested more than 14,000 mRNAs -- including some with rare codons that didn't fold well, and others that folded well but had no rare codons. By quickly measuring protein production from each mRNA and analyzing the results statistically, they could separate the two effects.

The results showed clearly that RNA folding, not rare codons, controlled protein production, and that scientists can increase protein production by altering folding, Goodman said.

The new method could help resolve other thorny debates in molecular biology. "The combination of high-throughput synthesis and next-gen sequencing allows us to answer big, complicated questions that were previously impossible to tease apart," Church said.

"These findings on codon use could help scientists engineer bacteria more precisely than ever before, which is tremendous in itself, and they provide a way to greatly increase the efficiency of microbial manufacturing, which could have huge commercial value as well," said Wyss Institute Founding Director Don Ingber, M.D., Ph.D. "They also underscore the incredible value of the new automated technologies that have emerged from the Synthetic Biology Platform that George leads, which enable us to synthesize and analyze genes more rapidly than ever before."

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General Infineon keeps No.1 power slot

2013/09/27

Infineon remained the leading supplier of power semiconductor discretes and modules last year, reports IHS.

The company held an 11.8 percent share of global market revenue, almost unchanged from 12 percent in 2011. Infineon led No. 2 player Toshiba Corp. by 4.7 percentage points.

“Infineon maintained its leadership in the total discrete market and in the discrete insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) segments,” says IHS’ Victoria Fodale, “the company also continued to increase its share in Mosfets.”

Toshiba had the second strongest growth among the Top ten players with growth of 0.6 percentage points.

No. 3 Mitsubishi Electric maintained leadership in power modules, although the company’s share of the market declined.

ON Semiconductor achieved a more than 1 percentage point increase in share in 2012, partially driven by its acquisition of Sanyo.

Power semiconductors had a bad 2012. Power modules fell 27% and discretes fell 16%, says IHS

Blame for the collapse was put on falling consumer demand in Europe and the US, a slowdown in Asian energy projects and reduced demand in industrial and automotive markets.

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How viral infection disrupts neural development in offspring, increasing risk of autism

The research, "MHCI Requires MEF2 Transcription Factors to Negatively Regulate Synapse Density during Development and in Disease," is published in the Journal of Neuroscience.

The study's senior author is Kimberley McAllister, professor in the Center for Neuroscience with appointments in the departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, and a researcher with the UC Davis MIND Institute.

"This is the first evidence that neurons in the developing brain of newborn offspring are altered by maternal immune activation," McAllister said. "Until now, very little has been known about how maternal immune activation leads to autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia-like pathophysiology and behaviors in the offspring."

The study was conducted in mice and rats and compared the brains of the offspring of rodents whose immune systems had been activated and those of animals whose immune systems had not been activated. The pups of animals that were exposed to viral infection had much higher brain levels of immune molecules known as the major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) molecules.

"This is the first evidence that MHCI levels on the surface of young cortical neurons in offspring are altered by maternal immune activation," McAllister said.

The researchers found that the high MHCI levels impaired the ability of the neurons from the newborn mice's brains to form synapses, the tiny gaps separating brain cells through which signals are transmitted. Earlier research has suggested that ASD and schizophrenia may be caused by changes in the development of connections in the brain, especially the cerebral cortex.

The researchers experimentally reduced MHCI to normal levels in neurons from offspring following maternal immune activation.

"Remarkably, synapse density returned to normal levels in those neurons," McAllister said.

"These results indicate that maternal immune activation does indeed alter connectivity during prenatal development, causing a profound deficit in the ability of cortical neurons to form synapses that is caused by changes in levels of MHCI on the neurons," she said.

MHCI did not work alone to limit the development of synapses. In a series of experiments, the UC Davis researchers determined that MHCI interacted with calcineurin and myocyte enhancer factor-2 (Mef2), a protein that is a critical determinant of neuronal specialization.

MHCI, calcineurin and Mef2 form a biological signaling pathway that had not been previously identified. McAllister's team showed that in the offspring of the maternal immune activation mothers, this novel signaling pathway was much more active than it was in the offspring of non-MIA animals.

"This finding provides a potential mechanism linking maternal immune activation to disease-linked behaviors," McAllister said.

It also is a mechanism that may help McAllister and other scientists to develop diagnostic tests and eventually therapies to improve the lives of individuals with these neurodevelopmental disorders.

Other study authors are Bradford M. Elmer, Myka L. Estes and Stephanie L. Barrow, all of UC Davis.

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Abuse, lack of parental warmth in childhood linked to multiple health risks in adulthood

Sep. 26, 2013 — The effects of childhood abuse and lack of parental affection can last a lifetime, taking a toll both emotionally and physically.

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There are many reports assessing the psychological damage resulting from childhood abuse, and the effects on physical health have also been well documented. For instance, this "toxic" stress has been linked to elevated cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and other physical conditions posing a significant health risk. The research into the physical effects of abuse, however, has focused on separate, individual systems.

A new UCLA-led study for the first time examines the effects of abuse and lack of parental affection across the body's entire regulatory system, and finds a strong biological link for how negative early life experiences affect physical health. The study is published online by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

"Our findings suggest that there may be a way to reduce the impact abuse has, at least in terms of physical health," said Judith E. Carroll, a research scientist at the Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology at UCLA, and the study's lead author. "If the child has love from parental figures they may be more protected from the impact of abuse on adult biological risk for health problems than those who don't have that loving adult in their life."

The researchers studied 756 adults who had participated in a study called Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA). They measured 18 biological markers of health risk, such as blood pressure, heart rate, stress hormone, cholesterol, waist circumference, inflammation, and blood sugar regulation, and added up their risks across these markers to create a summary index called "allostatic load." Values at the upper range across these markers indicated they were at higher biological risk for disease. Previous research has shown that higher levels of allostatic load are associated with increased likelihood of a negative health event such as a heart attack or stroke, or show declines in physical or cognitive functioning.

To determine the study subjects' childhood stress the researchers used a well-validated self-report scale called the Risky Families Questionnaire.

They found a significant link between reports of childhood abuse and multisystem health risks But those who reported higher amounts of parental warmth and affection in their childhood had lower multisystem health risks The researchers also found a significant interaction of abuse and warmth, so that individuals reporting low levels of love and affection and high levels of abuse in childhood had the highest multisystem risk in adulthood.

The researchers suggest that toxic childhood stress alters neural responses to stress, boosting the emotional and physical arousal to threat and making it more difficult for that reaction to be shut off.

"Our findings highlight the extent to which these early childhood experiences are associated with evidence of increased biological risks across nearly all of the body's major regulatory systems" said Teresa Seeman, professor of medicine in the division of geriatrics at the David Geffen School of Medicine and of epidemiology at the Fielding School of Public Health at UCLA, and the paper's senior author. "If we only look at individual biological parameters such as blood pressure or cholesterol, we would miss the fact that the early childhood experiences are related to a much broader set of biological risk indicators -- suggesting the range of health risks that may result from such adverse childhood exposures."

The authors note that the findings are based on a cross-sectional analysis and do not prove causation. It used information provided by the participants, so there may be some recall bias. Also, the analysis may not have captured other factors affecting regulatory systems, such as poor nutrition or environmental pollution.

But the findings suggest that parental warmth and affection protect one against the harmful effects of toxic childhood stress. Also, the lingering effects of childhood abuse can be linked to age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease. Among other things, this could have an effect on long-term health care costs.

"It is our hope that this will encourage public policy support for early interventions," Carroll said. "If we intervene early in risky families and at places that provide care for children by educating and training parents, teachers, and other caregivers in how to provide a loving and nurturing environment, we may also improve the long term health trajectories of those kids."

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带宽提升15倍！美光HMC内存开始出货

HMC(混合内存立方体)内存是美光联合IBM以及三星等产业巨头共同开发的新一代超高速内存技术，它使用TSV(硅穿孔)技术堆叠多层DRAM芯片，从而达到提升内存速度以及密度的双重目的。据称HCM内存的带宽能够达到DDR3标准的15倍，同时功耗缺能够降低70%，占用空间则减少了90%。

美光是生产HMC内存的第一家厂商，今天宣布开始出货容量为2GB的HMC内存工程样品，这是世界上首款HMC内存产品。

当然2GB的容量实在是有点小了，按照美光的计划来看，明年初就能够生产容量4GB的HMC内存了，在三到五年内可以实现商业化。

香港南芳实业有限公司(深圳南芳引航科技有限公司)成立于2001年。是一家专业开发、生产、加工、销售各种应用于计算机接口设备连接线、手机数据线、车载电子设备、医疗器械等高科技电子设备之连接线的外商独资企业。

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烤线加工等相关线材组立加工。已通过ISO-9001:2008质量管理体系认证和ISO-14001:2004 环境管理体系认证。直接海外美金付款同时可开具17％的增值税发票和提供转厂合同，满足广大客户的需求。

TAG:开始出货内存 HMC 提升美光带宽

三星将首次在智能机应用柔性OLED技术

如果手机屏幕可以弯曲，你愿不愿为此而换一台新手机呢?下个月，三星将首推柔性屏智能机，在市场上一探究竟。

据韩国媒体报导，三星将在下月推出配有柔性屏幕的Galaxy Note 3，并采用限量的方式销售。这将是OLED柔性屏智能机首次进入市场销售，业内认为，此举将推进OLED的商业化应用。

OLED的全称是有机发光半导体，被公认为替代TFT的下一代显示技术。手机使用柔性屏幕的好处为重量和厚度可以减少一半，即使掉在地上也不容易破碎;并且由于屏幕可以弯曲，所以有可能实现各种设计。

在今年1月的CES展会上，三星推出了可弯曲显示屏，应用OLED技术。但由于这款应用于移动设备的显示屏技术仍未开发完成，所以限量版GALAXY Note 3很可能将采用树脂OLED显示屏，而不是现有的玻璃显示屏。据韩国媒体报导，一个多月前，三星电子已证实其有量产韧性可弯曲OLED屏幕。

据知情人士向上证报记者透露，此次三星计划推出的柔性屏智能机可以实现一定程度的弯曲，但并不能达到像纸一样随意折叠，因此可视为一款过渡性产品。

此前，三星、LG等韩国企业已相继推出可弯曲的OLED电视，但其近十倍于普通电视的售价，以及相对较短的寿命(约2-3年)并没有获得市场的足够认可。相对电视，柔性OLED在智能手机市场则更为适合??智能手机屏幕的创新更为消费者认可，而高端品牌机4000-5000元的价位也广为接受，2-3年更换一台手机的人大有人在。这些都被认为是三星在智能机领域首推柔性屏幕的主要诱因。

业内人士指出，三星此举有望推进OLED的商业化应用。

此前国家发改委曾公开表态，将加强对OLED产业的引导和扶持。实际上，受制于材料和成本问题，OLED的商业化并不顺利，但相关公司一直在进行技术储备。其中，京东方建有用于专门研发的2.5代生产线，包括氧化物的OLED，以及柔性显示。据透露，其实验室已经研发出柔性屏智能机产品，此外，其位于鄂尔多斯的5.5代线将于11月投产。深天马及彩虹股份也在建设OLED产线。而国内拥有OLED技术的厂商基本上都具有柔性屏的工艺能力。

中国光学光电子行业协会液晶分会产业研究部主任胡春明告诉记者，OLED在技术上实现批量生产的难度不大，关键是看下游客户的需求。在三星的推动下，如果柔性屏能够得到市场的认可和追捧，特别是如果国内主流手机品牌中兴、华为、联想等能够及时跟进，加强与国内面板企业的合作，尝试推出自有品牌的柔性屏产品，则有助于撬动OLED市场。

目前，OLED已经被广泛用于手机屏幕中，此前包括三星、LG、诺基亚等主流厂商均已在主打智能手机中采用相关材料作为显示屏。据DisplaySearch的报告，到2016年OLED显示产业市场规模将达62亿美元，其中手机主显示屏将是主要应用，市场规模约30亿美元，OLED TV将是第二大应用，预计将达20亿美元。

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TAG:OLED 技术柔性应用智能机三星

三星新专利平板电脑键盘保护套瞄准Surface

作为微软Surface平板电脑的重要卖点之一，三款功能各有区分的外挂键盘保护套能够完全代替虚拟键盘，从而进一步提高了Surface的生产力。不过根据国外媒体的报道，日前曝光的一项专利显示三星或许也将推出用于平板电脑的键盘保护套。

从专利图中可以看出，三星的这款折叠式键盘保护套与微软的设计有所不同，不仅包括了一个键盘，同时还在背部设计了一个支架。此外，保护套也并不能完全覆盖平板电脑的正面。而支架的设计则可以让用户在不同的环境下舒适地进行收发电子邮件或者编辑文档等文字输入任务。不过需要提醒大家的是，这还仅仅是一项专利，并不意味着三星一定会推出这样的一款折叠式键盘保护套。

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TAG:瞄准 Surface 保护套键盘专利平板电脑三星

NASA Mars rover Curiosity finds water in first sample of planet surface

Sep. 26, 2013 — The first scoop of soil analyzed by the analytical suite in the belly of NASA's Curiosity rover reveals that fine materials on the surface of the planet contain several percent water by weight. The results were published today in Science as one article in a five-paper special section on the Curiosity mission. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Dean of Science Laurie Leshin is the study's lead author.

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"One of the most exciting results from this very first solid sample ingested by Curiosity is the high percentage of water in the soil," said Leshin. "About 2 percent of the soil on the surface of Mars is made up of water, which is a great resource, and interesting scientifically." The sample also released significant carbon dioxide, oxygen, and sulfur compounds when heated.

Curiosity landed in Gale Crater on the surface of Mars on August 6, 2012, charged with answering the question "Could Mars have once harbored life?" To do that, Curiosity is the first rover on Mars to carry equipment for gathering and processing samples of rock and soil. One of those instruments was employed in the current research: Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) includes a gas chromotograph, a mass spectrometer, and a tunable laser spectrometer enabling it to identify a wide range of chemical compounds and determine the ratios of different isotopes of key elements.

"This work not only demonstrates that SAM is working beautifully on Mars, but also shows how SAM fits into Curiosity's powerful and comprehensive suite of scientific instruments," said Paul Mahaffy, principal investigator for SAM at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. "By combining analyses of water and other volatiles from SAM with mineralogical, chemical, and geological data from Curiosity's other instruments, we have the most comprehensive information ever obtained on martian surface fines. These data greatly advance our understanding of surface processes and the action of water on Mars."

"This is the first solid sample that we've analyzed with the instruments on Curiosity. It's the very first scoop of stuff that's been fed into the analytical suite. Although this is only the beginning of the story, what we've learned is substantial," said Leshin, who co-wrote the article, titled "Volatile, Isotope and Organic Analysis of Martian Fines with the Mars Curiosity Rover." Thirty-four researchers, all members of the Mars Science Laboratory Science Team, contributed to the paper.

In this study, scientists used the rover's scoop to collect dust, dirt, and finely grained soil from a sandy patch known as "Rocknest." Researchers fed portions of the fifth scoop into SAM. Inside SAM, the "fines" -- as the dust, dirt, and fine soil is known -- were heated to 835 degrees Celsius.

Baking the sample also revealed a compound containing chlorine and oxygen, likely chlorate or perchlorate, previously known only from high-latitude locations on Mars. This finding at Curiosity's equatorial site suggests more global distribution. The analysis also suggests the presence of carbonate materials, which form in the presence of water.

In addition to determining the amount of the major gases released, SAM also analyzed ratios of isotopes of hydrogen and carbon in the released water and carbon dioxide. Isotopes are variants of the same chemical element with different numbers of neutrons, and therefore different atomic weights. SAM found that the ratio of isotopes in the soil is similar to that found in the atmosphere analyzed earlier by Curiosity, indicating that the surface soil has interacted heavily with the atmosphere.

"The isotopic ratios, including hydrogen-to-deuterium ratios and carbon isotopes, tend to support the idea that as the dust is moving around the planet, it's reacting with some of the gases from the atmosphere," Leshin said.

SAM can also search for trace levels of organic compounds. Although several simple organic compounds were detected in the experiments at Rocknest, they aren't clearly martian in origin. Instead, it is likely that they formed during the heating experiments, as the non-organic compounds in Rocknest samples reacted with terrestrial organics already present in the SAM instrument background.

"We find that organics are not likely preserved in surface soils, which are exposed to harsh radiation and oxidants," said Leshin. "We didn't necessarily expect to find organic molecules in the surface fines, and this supports Curiosity's strategy of drilling into rocks to continue the search for organic compounds. Finding samples with a better chance of organic preservation is key."

The results shed light on the composition of the planet's surface, while offering direction for future research, said Leshin.

"Mars has kind of a global layer, a layer of surface soil that has been mixed and distributed by frequent dust storms. So a scoop of this stuff is basically a microscopic Mars rock collection," said Leshin. "If you mix many grains of it together, you probably have an accurate picture of typical martian crust. By learning about it in any one place, you're learning about the entire planet."

These results have implications for future Mars explorers. "We now know there should be abundant, easily accessible water on Mars," said Leshin. "When we send people, they could scoop up the soil anywhere on the surface, heat it just a bit, and obtain water."

In addition to her work research as part of the Mars Science Laboratory Team, Leshin is Dean of the School of Science at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where she leads the scientific academic and research enterprise at the nation's first technological university.

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Unusual Mars rock: Pyramid-shaped volcanic rock unlike any other Martian igneous rock ever found

Dubbed "Jake_M" -- after Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineer Jake Matijevic -- the rock is similar to mugearites found on Earth, typically on ocean islands and in continental rifts. The process through which these rocks form often suggests the presence of water deep below the surface, according to Martin Fisk, an Oregon State University marine geologist and member of the Mars Science Laboratory team.

Results of the analysis were published this week in the journal Science, along with two other papers on Mars' soils.

"On Earth, we have a pretty good idea how mugearites and rocks like them are formed," said Fisk, who is a co-author on all three Science articles. "It starts with magma deep within the Earth that crystallizes in the presence of 1-2 percent water. The crystals settle out of the magma and what doesn't crystallize is the mugearite magma, which can eventually make its way to the surface as a volcanic eruption."

Fisk, who is a professor in OSU's College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, said the most common volcanic rocks typically crystallize in a specific order as they cool, beginning with olivine and feldspar. In the presence of water, however, feldspar crystallizes later and the magma will have a composition such as mugearite.

Although this potential evidence for water deep beneath the surface of Mars isn't ironclad, the scientists say, it adds to the growing body of studies pointing to the presence of water on the Red Planet -- an ingredient necessary for life.

"The rock is significant in another way," Fisk pointed out. "It implies that the interior of Mars is composed of areas with different compositions; it is not well mixed. Perhaps Mars never got homogenized the way Earth has through its plate tectonics and convection processes."

In another study, scientists examined the soil diversity and hydration of Gale Crater using a ChemCam laser instrument. They found hydrogen in all of the sites sampled, suggesting water, as well as the likely presence of sulphates. Mars was thought to have three stages -- an early phase with lots of water, an evaporation phase when the water disappeared leaving behind sulphate salts, and a third phase when the surface soils dried out and oxidized -- creating the planet's red hue.

"ChemCam found hydrogen in almost every place we found iron," Fisk said.

The third study compared grains of rock on the surface with a darker soil beneath at a site called the Rocknest Sand Shadow. Some of the sand grains are almost perfectly round and may have come from space, Fisk said.

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